Some standard export contracts and their significance

Export Contracts:
Buyers and sellers have to settle on issues like price, mode of payment, delivery of goods or the possession of goods in all types of sales and purchase. For example, when we go to the market and buy something, there is an understanding at work between both parties, because the payment and delivery of goods is made on the spot, we don't normally need a contract or agreement in this case.

Export and especially international export is not that simple. So many new factors come into play such as different currencies, mode of shipment or delivery time. Delivery takes time and somebody has to bear the risk and expenses of cargo, insurance, etc. Importers and exporters need to secure themselves and this sense of security comes from agreeing upon all the terms and conditions of trade. Both parties will sign on an agreement that states these provisions in detail. Normally export contracts have following sections.

i. Specifications & Signature of contracting parties
ii. Specifications of trading products
iii. Price & terms of payment
iv. Mode of shipment & Delivery period
v. Contract Validity

Following are some of the standard export contracts. These standards are known as "Incoterms", developed and published by "International Chamber of Commerce".

Free on Board:
Importer designates a board (ship) and exporter is responsible to deliver goods on the ship. Exporter has to bear all expenses except the insurance and cargo charges. FOB contract works only when maritime transportation is used as the mode of shipment.

Cost, Insurance and Freight (C.I.F):
Unlike F.O.B, the exporter has to arrange (and pay) for everything including shipment and insurance. In both types (F.O.B and C.I.F) delivery time is crucial and exporter is obliged to deliver the goods on the exact date that has been specified in the contract.

Ex works:
Seller's obligation ends when he makes the goods available at his place. Buyer arranges and pays for everything after that (clearance, transportation, etc).

Delivered Ex Ship:
Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the port (advised by the buyer). Unlike F.O.B, where seller has to deliver the goods on the ship, in DES the seller has to bear the risk along with freight and insurance cost.

Free Carrier:
This "incoterm" is quite similar to F.O.B, but unlike F.O.B (that's just used for maritime transport), Free carrier (FCA) is used for all types of transport including air, by rail or road.

These are the ones mostly used in international trade; other types include "Cost and Freight", "Carriage paid to", "Delivered Ex QUAY" or "Delivered Duty Paid".

Source:
UK Wholesalers

International Export Packaging – A checklist

In international export, it may take several days, even weeks before the products reach to the customer, after being dispatched by exporters. Being an exporter, it's your responsibility to package all exporting items in a way that your customers will acquire them in excellent condition. Apart from protection; packaging is also used for marketing (labels & logos) or information (guidelines for consumers) purposes. Exporting products are vulnerable against physical shocks, crushing, climate change, mishandling, etc and the packaging should be able to safeguard them against all these hazards. Though the packaging standards differ with the countries and products, there are some minimum requirements that you need to take care of.

Packaging Box and Tapes:

Usually cardboard boxes are used when packaging for shipment. Always use firm boxes with proper flaps; extra padding (or cushioning) is compulsory for breakable items. Size of the box should be according to the product size, not too small (that you have to forcefully stuff all items inside) and not too large (that the goods can move around and clash with each other). Use separate wrapping for each item. If the products are of fragile nature, you can use wooden box for extra protection. Use standard tapes instead of normal household tapes, special tapes for packaging purpose are easily available. Extra safety measures are needed when you are exporting "food" items.

Addressing & Labeling:

Recipient address should be clearly mentioned, also the sender address where the products will return in case they don't reach the addressee. Also, mention the recipient contact number to ensure the delivery. Your business or brand logos on the package can be used for marketing and promotional objectives. Sometimes attractive packaging is used as a competitor advantage. You can also use the packaging to communicate with the customers about the other products or services you are offering. If the products are fragile or breakable, you can state these characteristics outside the box and give instructions for careful handling.

When exporting to developed countries, be sure to obtain knowledge about the acceptable packaging standards in that country. You can also refer to ISO standards in these cases. It's better to have a clear idea of all the possible hazards that the products can face before they will reach their destination. Remember the main motives of packaging that includes physical protection, quality preservation, storage convenience, marketing and product information. Adopting world-class standards is vital when doing international export, not only your product but your packaging should be of export quality in order to stand out.

Source:
UK Wholesalers

Implications of the "Incoterms" in international import & export

Communication is crucial in international import & export, where both buyers and sellers are located a long way away, there’s every chance of misunderstanding in the interpretation of various terms used in contracts and agreements. These confusions and misapprehensions can cost one or both parties, dearly. What sounds pretty simple and straight-forward to a buyer sitting in United States, could turn out to be a perplexing one for the seller in China.

This problem continued to exist and resulted in many mix-ups and losses until the International Chamber of Commerce set down “Incoterms”, which is a set of 13 terms, referred as

1. EX-Works
2. FOB (Free On Board)
3. FCA (Free Carrier)
4. FAS (Free Alongside Ship)
5. CFR (Cost and Freight)
6. CIF (Cost, Insurance & Freight)
7. CPT (Carriage Paid to)
8. CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to)
9. DAF (Delivered at Frontier)
10. DES (Delivered Ex Ship)
11. DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)
12. DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)
13. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

Businesses can choose any of these 13 terms according to their own needs and requirements. For example, "Ex-works" inflict the minimum liability for seller; on the other hand "Delivered Duty Paid" makes it obligatory for the seller to arrange for almost everything including export duty expenses, loading and unloading expenses, landing charges, transportation, insurance and custom clearance. Incoterms are not applicable to all aspects of trade, however they do standardize most of the terms used in international trade. For example, they spell out the terms of delivery in detail, and establish the responsibilities for buyers and sellers as to who will bear the expenses of insurance, clearance or various other taxes. Another important implication of "Incoterms" is the reduction (or removal) of uncertainty about the transfer of risk.

As an exporter or importer, you need to spend some time on understanding each of these 13 "Incoterms" and their explanations given on the official website of "International Chamber of Commerce". Each of them is an agreement in essence, with predetermined terms and condition, for that reason each of them has got different advantages and disadvantages. After a careful study, maybe you can underline the best ones and then stress on using that particular Incoterms when getting into an agreement with some buyer or seller. Incoterms are acknowledged all over the world (by courts, governments, etc); therefore a good comprehension of all of these terms is a must for all international exporters. Remember, ICC keep making minor changes (not very often though), it's important to keep a track of these modifications.

Source:
UK Wholesalers

Choosing the right Freight forwarding agency

Many small businesses (or those who have just started) find it extremely hard to go through the frustrating procedures of documentation, legalities and clearance, that unfortunately, is a must in all types of international trade. There are quite a number of fronts to handle, and more often than not you find yourself trapped in these time-consuming tasks, when you should be working on the more important ones like marketing, communicating with clients and finalizing new business deals. As a small business, you are left with two options, either hire more staff for these jobs or outsource everything to a freight forwarding agency.

Professional freight forwarders have a clear advantage over your newly hired staff, first they are far more experienced, second they have good working relations with many parties involved in transaction and third, they know many cheap alternatives for transportation. A good freight forward agent will be able to assist you from the word go if you have no real knowledge of international trade. Best way is to engage a freight forwarding agent even before you finalize the prices, as he/she can give you an exact idea on how much documentation, insurance or shipment can cost.

While choosing the freight forwarding (or clearing) agent, you must consider following guidelines.

Experience:
The prime reason for you going to the freight forwarding agent is his/her experience for carrying out those tasks. No matter how qualified your freight forwarding agent seems to be, don't close your eyes to the past experience he/she has in the field. An experienced freight forwarder can prove to be a lot more helpful because he/she will be having working relations with relevant parties. Being an "old hand" also reflects that the freight forwarding agency is a long-standing business.

Knowledge:
Choose the one with extensive knowledge of the market, policies, rules and procedures, and more importantly the best modes of shipment. The agent should be capable enough to go through complete process with ease and in a timely manner. An ideal freight forwarding agent will have the knowledge, skills and technology to provide, you and your customers with top-notch services.

Price:
Freight forwarding agent substitutes you for a good number of tasks, plus he/she will provide you with valuable counseling and guidance as well. So, the fees are supposed to be considerably high. Decide all the services you expect to receive and settle on prices in complete details, make sure there will be no additional charges in the future. If you are dealing with a freight forwarding agent from another country, bear in mind the communication problems (because of foreign language involved) that can arise in the future.

Choosing the right bank for international trade

International exporters need the services of banks or financial institutions at many stages of their trading business. They need loan to help with initial setup, they need financing for production phase, and they need the services of banks to make or receive payments (letter of credit, wire transfer, etc), they can avail lots of other services like online banking, small business loans, credit cards, etc. When deciding on your bank you should consider following points carefully, because you can't keep changing your bank often.

Interest Rates and Service Fee:

Normally, there’s not much difference between interest rates offered by various banks operating in the same market and circumstances, mainly because of cut throat competition. However, that doesn’t mean you should completely ignore the small differences at hand. Similarly, banks charge different fees for different services, if you have a clear idea of the services you are going to avail, you can easily decide on the most suitable bank. Banks have to rely on these service charges and fees for their profits, but you must make sure that you are not getting ripped off by your personal bank.

Repute & History:

A well reputed bank of good standing will also speak for your business credibility at international export, so you better go for some bank, which is highly regarded among business circles. If you are choosing a bank for long term relations, you should go through its business history, past performance and achievements. Another question to go over is how financially strong that bank is, especially after we have seen more than 15 US banks failures in first three months of 2009. Just because they deal in money, doesn’t mean they’d never run out of it.


Customer Relations & Customer Service:

Good banker-customer relations are a result of mutual understanding and collaboration. Bank staff normally consists of well mannered and courteous individuals; still some banks go that extra mile to please their customers and establish long term relationships. Customer service can slightly vary on branch to branch basis as well. Don’t get overwhelmed by the politeness and the display of utmost sincerity when going through the procedures of opening an account, instead you should talk to some existing customers to make sure they are satisfied with the banking services and the behavior of staff.

In addition to the points described above, you can look for the quality of products and services offered by the bank.

Starting your own export business, The process explained

Whenever you decide to start something big, a little time spent on planning in the beginning will save you from lots of thinking sessions (filled with frustration, panic and disappointments) later on. You can make giant looking tasks a lot easier by dividing them in small, practical step-by-step procedures. Starting an export business is not a walk in the park, and when you decide to get into this business, you have to make quite a number of arrangements such as deciding your product, choosing shipment mode, arranging finance and much more.

Initial Stage:

Select your product

Determine potential buyers

Market research

Exporting method

Comprehensive business plan

First you have to select the product; in case you are not already involved in producing or exporting some product locally (even then you may need to improve its quality and features for international export). After choosing the product, you can now assess the targeted customers. Do some research on the market and analyze it carefully. Next step is to decide upon the exporting method. Remember, all of these decisions and selections should be based on some facts and figures, and not mere assumptions. As stated earlier, time spent in planning & research will save you from possible loss and failures in the future. You need to be watchful, alert and patient in the start, so that you don’t fall in hands of frauds and scams. 

Middle Stage:

Determine Price

Payment terms & conditions

Terms and conditions for delivery and shipment issues

Shipping mode

After you are done with initial research and planning work, you now have a plan in your hands. You know your potential customers by now. Next step is to determine prices, while doing this, keep all costs and expenses in mind, don’t try to take too much risk by offering extra ordinary low prices. Payment terms and the mode of payment is also an important decision, so is the selection of shipment mode you are going to use.

Final Stage:

Financing

Production/Manufacturing

Packaging

Shipment

Collection of payment through your bank or some payment processor

After all the planning and marketing, you will start receiving orders from interested customers. At this point, you need to have sufficient funds in hands to manufacture or arrange the products you are looking to export. Once you have got the funds, and you are done with the production work, you need to go through packaging and documentation work before making a shipment to the customers.

This is the basic framework for starting an export business, which will help you in starting smoothly and gradually growing.

Role of distributors & agents in exporting business

As a manufacturer or exporter who is willing to step into some foreign market, you should better be starting in a safe and calculated manner. One relatively safe and secure method is to start with indirect exports and see the response. There are many ways to start indirect exports, but the most widely used method is to hire the services of commission agents or get into a contract with some distributor. Although, their roles may sound a bit similar, both of them differ at some points. Let’s look into the role of these two in detail.

Agents:

Also known as commission agents, they are responsible for selling your products in foreign market. They are experienced campaigners and quite familiar with the market you are going to target. They know the customers and their needs. However, the thing to remember is that they are solely responsible for selling your products. They do not buy from you directly; neither do they involve themselves in delivery or after sale services in most cases. Their source of earning is the fixed commission on every sale (or gross sales, they will make for you).

Commission agents must be able to meet following requirements before you hire their services.

Should be having loads of experience

Check to see if the agent also deals in some of your competitive products

Past record of sales and the stats for business they have provided to other exporters in the past

How much of the market that agent can cover on his/her own and to what extent

Do they sell to end users or businesses?


Distributors:

Unlike commission agents, distributors normally purchase the product from you (at low rates) and then sell it in the market, all the time maintaining some inventory with them. Given, they also provide after sale services, they are more suited if your product needs some installation work or requires after sale services.

Distributors should be financially stable

They must be good in inventory stocking and warehouse management

Should be having technical information about the product (train them if needed)

Should be ready to work at price margins you are willing to offer

Be careful when going into a contract and think over the clauses many times before signing

Distributor should be capable of running or managing the advertising campaign if needed





Now, whether you should go for agents or distributors? The answer to this question will depend on your product and preferences.